The Python set eats 90 bytes per entry.
Around 10M entries, I get stuck on the 1024MB memory limit for atcoder.
If the definition region is [0, N), np.zeros(N, np.bool_) is good. It may be good to bring it into that form with Coordinate Compression.
mprof python
x = set()
for i in range(9_000_000):
x.add(i)
python
import numpy as np
x = np.zeros(9_000_000, np.bool_)
for i in range(9_000_000):
x[i] = 1
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