• First, humans tend to view losses as greater than reasonable levels.

  • Then we see the “potential loss” as a loss rather than the actual expected value.

  • Many people avoid that option.

  • The market raises the price of what most people are trying to get.

  • The result is a loss in a form that is difficult to see due to the fact that many people act together out of fear of loss itself.

    • Decreased margins due to price increases and lost opportunities
  • People who understand how this works feel that the “risk of not dying instantly from a failure of moderate size” is a gain.

  • This “Risk is a bargain” thinking mitigates the “Excessive fear of risk tendency” at the beginning.

  • Losses due to being in the majority


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